Broken external USB hard drive undetected by system

I have an external 1TB Intenso® USB hard drive, which stopped working after a small crash on the case. When I plug it into any computer, the light comes on and it makes noise (you can feel the disk running), but the volume is not detected anymore. On GNU/Linux, dmesg displays these lines when the disk is plugged:

[ 3453.185834] usb 3-2: new SuperSpeed USB device number 4 using xhci_hcd
[ 3453.210198] usb 3-2: New USB device found, idVendor=2109, idProduct=0701
[ 3453.210207] usb 3-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[ 3453.210212] usb 3-2: Product: External USB 3.0
[ 3453.210217] usb 3-2: Manufacturer: Intenso
[ 3453.210221] usb 3-2: SerialNumber: 20140824012094
[ 3453.210763] usb-storage 3-2:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[ 3453.211264] scsi host9: usb-storage 3-2:1.0

But strangely, neither fdisk -l nor lsblk nor any tool I know is able to detect the disk and partitions. I can't use dd or any forensic tool I know, because they all require either an iso image, either a device path, which I can't provide because the system doesn't detect this external hard drive.

• Is there any way to detect the partition table, the filesystems or any data located on this drive ?

EDIT:

As asked in comments, I will explain what happens if I remove the disk from its case and connect it directly to the motherboard, without the SATA bridge:

It still make noise at the beginning, then no sound. It seems to turn, but I am not sure.

(by the way, I tested the SATA bridge with another working hdd I own, and it worked correctly)

dmesg displays these lines when plugging via computer's SATA port:

[   73.808715] ata6: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x40d0000 action 0xe frozen
[   73.808724] ata6: irq_stat 0x00000040, connection status changed
[   73.808730] ata6: SError: { PHYRdyChg CommWake 10B8B DevExch }
[   73.808739] ata6: hard resetting link
[   83.820127] ata6: softreset failed (device not ready)
[   83.820138] ata6: hard resetting link
[   93.850117] ata6: softreset failed (device not ready)
[   93.850128] ata6: hard resetting link
[  104.850288] ata6: link is slow to respond, please be patient (ready=0)
[  128.880166] ata6: softreset failed (device not ready)
[  128.880178] ata6: limiting SATA link speed to 1.5 Gbps
[  128.880182] ata6: hard resetting link
[  134.070082] ata6: softreset failed (device not ready)
[  134.070093] ata6: reset failed, giving up
[  134.070104] ata6: EH complete

In the smartctl manpage, I can read:

The user must specify the device to be controlled or interrogated as the final argument to smartctl

I cannot use smartctl or any tool which require path to device, since I haven't any path to give.