Windows 10 Update Keeps Failing with Error 0x80070002

I recently installed a fresh copy of Windows 10 Pro on my machine using the ISO from Microsoft's Media Creation Tool. I am now trying to bring the installation up to date, but the "2018-03 Cumulative Update for Windows 10 Version 1709 for x64-based Systems (KB4088776)" installation keeps failing with error code 0x80070002. Currently the machine is running build 16299.15. It's worth noting that if I look at my update history, I have an entry saying that this update installed successfully, but now it's failing again. Here's a screenshot to clarify:

Does anyone have any idea what is going on or know how I can fix it?