After upgrading SQL Server 2008 R2 RTM to 2008 SP3 with Security Update for TLS 1.2, Error encountered on attempt to login from remote machine

When I try to log in to the newly upgraded SQL Server 2008 R2 SP3 instance, I encounter an error:

[SqlException (0x80131904): A connection was successfully established with the server, but then an error occurred during the login process. (provider: SSL Provider, error: 0 - One or more of the parameters passed to the function was invalid.)]

To be able to log in from the application server box (Windows Server 2008 R2), I had to disable TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 on the SQL Server box (also Windows Server 2008 R2) using this guide and Nartic IIS Crypto. Be sure to install Windows Update KB3080079 on the SQL Server box before you disable TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1. Otherwise you won't be able to remote into the server after you reboot.