Visual Studio 2015 crashes when switching from "Any CPU" to "x64" mode

I have a project/solution that I can build fine in "Any CPU" mode using VS2015 SP2, but when I switch to "x64", VS2015 crashes and restarts, and I'm back to the "Any CPU" mode.

Here is a screencast: https://screenrecordings.tinytake.com/sf/NjY3NTE3XzMyMDU4ODM

It crashes right when I switch the drop down from "Any CPU" to "x64", not even executing any build action or alike.

I'm using Visual Studio Professional 2015, Version 14.0.25123 Update 2 and .NET Framework 4.6.01055 on Windows 8.1.

On another PC, the problem does not occur there with the same VS version and same project.

Coming from the Java world, I'm new to working with Visual Studio and .NET. Thanks for any hint where to look for a fix.

Update

When I check the Windows Event Logs under Application, I see to errors captured there:

(1) Source: .NET Runtime

Application: devenv.exe
Framework Version: v4.0.30319
Description: The process was terminated due to an unhandled exception.
Exception Info: exception code c0000005, exception address 00000000

(2) Source: Application Error

Faulting application name: devenv.exe, version: 14.0.25123.0, time stamp: 0x56f22f32
Faulting module name: ntdll.dll, version: 6.3.9600.18233, time stamp: 0x56bb4e1d
Exception code: 0xc0000374
Fault offset: 0x000e6054
Faulting process id: 0x2edc
Faulting application start time: 0x01d1b199455bdb5d
Faulting application path: C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\Common7\IDE\devenv.exe
Faulting module path: C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll
Report Id: 885c65a2-1d8c-11e6-8343-cc3d82aa16df
Faulting package full name: 
Faulting package-relative application ID: 

Update 2

Forum entry with dump created here, still awaiting feedback from Microsoft: https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/Feedback/Details/2752690