Compiled C# application 0xC0000142 error

I met a highly disturbing issue. I wrote a C# application in Visual Studio Community which uses a local .mdf database file.

My computer's operating system is Windows 10 Home, 64 bit. My problem is that I cannot run the compiled EXE file on certain computers. Previously I used it on a computer running 32-bit Windows 7 Professional, with no problems.

After upgrading it to Windows 10 Pro, 32 bit, the application starts, but it crashes when it comes to an SQL command:

"The application was unable to start correctly. 0xC0000142".

I reinstalled the Microsoft SQL Server 2014 Express Local database, performed a system cleaning but the problem persists. My setting in Visual Studio is 'Any CPU'. I tried to run the EXE in the debug folder and also the one in the release folder. On 64-bit Windows Home everything is just fine with either of the .exe files. On 32 bit Professional, on the other hand, 0xC0000142 error again.

I tried another computer with 64-bit Windows 10 Home and Microsoft SQL Server 2014 Express Local DB: the application runs without problem. I guess some DLL files cause the problem, but neither can I track the source of the problem nor fix it. Does anybody have any suggestions?