Bare metal assembly - data not initialized
I wrote some very simple code, aimed to work on bare metal RaspberryPi. My code consists of gpio.s (with function "flash", which turns LED on and off) and main.s, shown below.
.section .init
.globl _start
_start:
mov sp, $0x8000
b main
.section .text
.globl main
main:
ldr r5, =variable
ldr r4, [r5]
cmp r4, $100
bleq flash
loop:
b loop
.section .data
.align 4
.globl variable
variable:
.word 100
So r4 should be filled with 100 => condition flag should be eq => LED should flash! But it does not. Why?
Apart from that example, function "flash" works, as well as in the case of adding these lines after "ldr r5, =variable":
mov r1, $100
str r1, [r5]
So it seems like memory is accessible, but doesn't get initialized. I would be grateful for your explanations.
Disassembly:
./build/output.elf: file format elf32-littlearm
Disassembly of section .init:
00000000 <_start>:
0: e3a0d902 mov sp, #32768 ; 0x8000
4: ea00205c b 817c <main>
Disassembly of section .text:
00008000 <getGpioAddr>:
8000: e59f0170 ldr r0, [pc, #368] ; 8178 <flash2+0x14>
8004: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
00008008 <setGpioFunct>:
8008: e3500035 cmp r0, #53 ; 0x35
800c: 93510007 cmpls r1, #7 ; 0x7
8010: 83a00001 movhi r0, #1 ; 0x1
8014: 81a0f00e movhi pc, lr
8018: e92d0030 push {r4, r5}
801c: e1a02001 mov r2, r1
8020: e1a01000 mov r1, r0
8024: e92d4000 push {lr}
8028: ebfffff4 bl 8000 <getGpioAddr>
802c: e8bd4000 pop {lr}
8030: e3a04000 mov r4, #0 ; 0x0
00008034 <subTen>:
8034: e351000a cmp r1, #10 ; 0xa
8038: 2241100a subcs r1, r1, #10 ; 0xa
803c: 22844001 addcs r4, r4, #1 ; 0x1
8040: 2afffffb bcs 8034 <subTen>
8044: e3a05004 mov r5, #4 ; 0x4
8048: e0030594 mul r3, r4, r5
804c: e0800003 add r0, r0, r3
8050: e3a05003 mov r5, #3 ; 0x3
8054: e0030591 mul r3, r1, r5
8058: e1a02312 lsl r2, r2, r3
805c: e3e0430e mvn r4, #939524096 ; 0x38000000
8060: e3a05009 mov r5, #9 ; 0x9
8064: e0451001 sub r1, r5, r1
8068: e3a05003 mov r5, #3 ; 0x3
806c: e0030591 mul r3, r1, r5
8070: e1a04374 ror r4, r4, r3
8074: e5905000 ldr r5, [r0]
8078: e0055004 and r5, r5, r4
807c: e1855002 orr r5, r5, r2
8080: e5805000 str r5, [r0]
8084: e8bd0030 pop {r4, r5}
8088: e3a00000 mov r0, #0 ; 0x0
808c: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
00008090 <setPin>:
8090: e3500035 cmp r0, #53 ; 0x35
8094: 83a00001 movhi r0, #1 ; 0x1
8098: 81a0f00e movhi pc, lr
809c: e92d0020 push {r5}
80a0: e3500020 cmp r0, #32 ; 0x20
80a4: 22401020 subcs r1, r0, #32 ; 0x20
80a8: 31a01000 movcc r1, r0
80ac: 23a02020 movcs r2, #32 ; 0x20
80b0: 33a0201c movcc r2, #28 ; 0x1c
80b4: e92d4000 push {lr}
80b8: ebffffd0 bl 8000 <getGpioAddr>
80bc: e8bd4000 pop {lr}
80c0: e3a05001 mov r5, #1 ; 0x1
80c4: e1a05115 lsl r5, r5, r1
80c8: e7805002 str r5, [r0, r2]
80cc: e3a00000 mov r0, #0 ; 0x0
80d0: e8bd0020 pop {r5}
80d4: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
000080d8 <clearPin>:
80d8: e3500035 cmp r0, #53 ; 0x35
80dc: 83a00001 movhi r0, #1 ; 0x1
80e0: 81a0f00e movhi pc, lr
80e4: e92d0020 push {r5}
80e8: e3500020 cmp r0, #32 ; 0x20
80ec: 22401020 subcs r1, r0, #32 ; 0x20
80f0: 31a01000 movcc r1, r0
80f4: 23a0202c movcs r2, #44 ; 0x2c
80f8: 33a02028 movcc r2, #40 ; 0x28
80fc: e92d4000 push {lr}
8100: ebffffbe bl 8000 <getGpioAddr>
8104: e8bd4000 pop {lr}
8108: e3a05001 mov r5, #1 ; 0x1
810c: e1a05115 lsl r5, r5, r1
8110: e7805002 str r5, [r0, r2]
8114: e3a00000 mov r0, #0 ; 0x0
8118: e8bd0020 pop {r5}
811c: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
00008120 <flash>:
8120: e92d4013 push {r0, r1, r4, lr}
8124: e3a00010 mov r0, #16 ; 0x10
8128: e3a01001 mov r1, #1 ; 0x1
812c: ebffffb5 bl 8008 <setGpioFunct>
8130: e3a00010 mov r0, #16 ; 0x10
8134: ebffffe7 bl 80d8 <clearPin>
8138: eb000004 bl 8150 <wait>
813c: e3a00010 mov r0, #16 ; 0x10
8140: ebffffd2 bl 8090 <setPin>
8144: eb000001 bl 8150 <wait>
8148: e8bd4013 pop {r0, r1, r4, lr}
814c: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
00008150 <wait>:
8150: e3a0583f mov r5, #4128768 ; 0x3f0000
00008154 <loop>:
8154: e2455001 sub r5, r5, #1 ; 0x1
8158: e3550000 cmp r5, #0 ; 0x0
815c: 1afffffc bne 8154 <loop>
8160: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
00008164 <flash2>:
8164: e92d4000 push {lr}
8168: ebffffec bl 8120 <flash>
816c: ebffffeb bl 8120 <flash>
8170: e8bd4000 pop {lr}
8174: e1a0f00e mov pc, lr
8178: 20200000 .word 0x20200000
0000817c <main>:
817c: e59f500c ldr r5, [pc, #12] ; 8190 <loop+0x4>
8180: e5954000 ldr r4, [r5]
8184: e3540064 cmp r4, #100 ; 0x64
8188: 0bffffe4 bleq 8120 <flash>
0000818c <loop>:
818c: eafffffe b 818c <loop>
8190: 00008194 .word 0x00008194
Disassembly of section .data:
00008194 <variable>:
8194: 00000064 .word 0x00000064
Linker scripts, makefile etc. taken from: http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/os/ok01.html
3 Answers
from your link (you should not ask questions here using links, put the code in the question)
0000817c <main>:
817c: e59f500c ldr r5, [pc, #12] ; 8190 <loop+0x4>
8180: e3a01064 mov r1, #100 ; 0x64
8184: e3540064 cmp r4, #100 ; 0x64
8188: 0bffffe4 bleq 8120 <flash>
0000818c <loop>:
818c: eafffffe b 818c <loop>
8190: 000081a0 .word 0x000081a0
Disassembly of section .data:
000081a0 <variable>:
81a0: 00000064 .word 0x00000064
...
you are moving r1 a 100 but comparing r4 which has not been initialized at least in this code, so that is unpredictable what will happen. if you replace that with a mov r4,[r5] it should work as desired as r5 is getting the address of the word that contains the #100 and then you read from that address into r4.
I assume you have verified that if you simply bl flash it works (not a conditional but always go there) as desired?
In this bare metal mode you definitely have access to read/write memory, no worries there.
David
old_timerMemory is normally initialized as part of the C runtime code. If you are writing bare-metal assembly without including the functionality of the C runtime then your variables in RAM will not be initialized. You need to explicitly initialize the value of variable in your own code.
Finally found out! Really subtle, and it's not my fault indeed. I had taken the makefile and linker script from Alex Chadwick tutorial, and the linker script looked like that:
SECTIONS {
/*
* First and formost we need the .init section, containing the IVT.
*/
.init 0x0000 : {
*(.init)
}
/*
* We allow room for the ATAGs and the stack and then start our code at
* 0x8000.
*/
.text 0x8000 : {
*(.text)
}
/*
* Next we put the data.
*/
.data : {
*(.data)
}
/*
* Finally comes everything else. A fun trick here is to put all other
* sections into this section, which will be discarded by default.
*/
/DISCARD/ : {
*(*)
}
}
.init section was based at 0x0000, and then the .text started at 0x8000. But actually, kernel.img is loaded at address 0x8000 by Pi (real address of .init was 0x8000), so: whole .text section (as well as the following sections) were shifted - due to that fact, addresses of labels were misassumed at the assembling-linking time. Only pc-relative addressing could work, as PC was set correctly. The solution is to start the image at 0x8000:
SECTIONS {
/*
* First and formost we need the .init section, containing the IVT.
*/
.init 0x8000 : {
*(.init)
}
.text : {
*(.text)
}
/*
* Next we put the data.
*/
.data : {
*(.data)
}
/*
* Finally comes everything else. A fun trick here is to put all other
* sections into this section, which will be discarded by default.
*/
/DISCARD/ : {
*(*)
}
}
I've just checked the template on his website and it's corrected now, so there is no point contacting him. I must have downloaded template before this correction. Thank you guys for your attempts.
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